Comparing Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contrasting Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example One of the key issues associated with the discussion on legitimization of political authority is the harmony between restrictions forced by any political power and individual opportunity. From one perspective, opportunity is outstandingly essential to the life of an individual in numerous faculties. Then again, an individual can not be permitted to act exclusively at their will: there must be sure principles for conduct. Building up this harmony between singular opportunity and interests of the network is the key errand of any state and government which acts like a stabilizer. On the off chance that this equalization is set up, the most elevated level of individual opportunity is accomplished while the danger of falling into all out disorder is kept away from (Popper, 1985). As indicated by Thomas Hobbes, in ancient ignoble occasions before any kind of government rose, there was steady war with â€Å"every man, against each man† (Hobbes, 1668, p.12). Thus, Hobbesian support of power sensibly followed from the all out ruthlessness of people in their normal state portrayed by narrow mindedness: accommodation to power was the best way to dispense with the fierceness and prejudice of the State of Nature (Hobbes, 1668). On the other hand, John Locke accepted that the first condition of man was not as unfriendly as Hobbes suspected. In Locke’s assessment joy, reason and resilience were the center attributes of the common man, and all people, in their unique state, were equivalent and completely allowed to seek after things, considered as undeniable rights, to be specific â€Å"†¦life, wellbeing, freedom and possessions† (Locke, 1990, standard. 6). In any case, Locke’s State of Nature isn't riotous with each individual seeking after its own selfish objectives. Notwithstanding nonattendance of any position or government with the ability to rebuff the subjects for wrong activities, Locke accepted that the State of Nature was viably directed by ethical quality. Since every individual in the

Timeline of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts

Course of events of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts Starting with the Congressional Act of 16 September 1776 and the Land Ordinance of 1785, a wide assortment of Congressional acts represented the dispersion of government land in the thirty open land states. Different acts opened up new domains, built up the act of offering land as remuneration for military help, and stretched out appropriation rights to vagrants. These demonstrations each brought about the principal move of land from the central government to people. This rundown isn't thorough, and does exclude acts that briefly expanded the arrangements of before acts, or private acts that were passed to serve people. Course of events of U.S. Open Land Acts 16 September 1776: This Congressional Act built up rules for allowing terrains of 100 to 500 sections of land, named abundance land, for the individuals who enrolled in the Continental Army to battle in the American Revolution. That Congress make arrangement for giving terrains, in the accompanying extents: to the officials and fighters who will so take part in the administration, and proceed in that to the end of the war, or until released by Congress, and to the agents of such officials and warriors as will be killed by the adversary: To a colonel, 500 sections of land; to a lieutenant colonel, 450; to a significant, 400; to a skipper, 300; to a lieutenant, 200; to an ensign, 150; each non-authorized official and fighter, 100... 20 May 1785: Congress ordered the main law to deal with the Public Lands that came about because of the thirteen recently free states consenting to give up their western land guarantees and permit the land to turn into the joint property of all residents of the new country. The 1785 Ordinance for the open terrains northwest of the Ohio accommodated their review and deal in tracts of no under 640 sections of land. This started the money section framework for government lands. Be it appointed by the United States in Congress amassed, that the domain surrendered by singular States to the United States, which has been bought of the Indian occupants, will be discarded in the accompanying way... 10 May 1800: The Land Act of 1800, otherwise called the Harrison Land Act for its creator William Henry Harrison, diminished the base available unit of land to 320 sections of land, and furthermore presented the choice of credit deals to empower land deals. Land bought under the Harrison Land Act of 1820 could be payed for in four assigned installments over a time of four years. The administration eventually wound up ousting a large number of people who couldn't make the reimbursement of their advances inside the set time, and a portion of this land wound up being exchanged by the government a few times before defaults were revoked by the Land Act of 1820. A demonstration accommodating the offer of the place where there is the United States, in the domain north-west of the Ohio, or more the mouth of the Kentucky waterway. 3 March 1801: Passage of the 1801 Act was the first of numerous laws passed by Congress giving seizure or inclination rights to pilgrims in the Northwest Territory who had bought lands from John Cleves Symmes, an appointed authority of the Territory whose own cases to the grounds had been invalidated. An Act giving a privilege of pre-emption to specific people to specific people who have contracted with John Cleves Symmes, or his partners, for lands lying between the Miami streams, in the domain of the United States northwest of the Ohio. 3 March 1807: Congress passed a law allowing appropriation rights to specific pioneers in Michigan Territory, where various awards had been made under both earlier French and British principle. ...to each individual or people in real belonging, inhabitance, and improvement, of any tract or package of land in his, her, or their own right, at the hour of the death of this demonstration, inside that piece of the Territory of Michigan, to which the Indian title has been quenched, and which said tract or bundle of land was settled, involved, and improved, by him, her, or them, before and on the principal day of July, one thousand 700 and ninety six...the said tract or package of land along these lines had, involved, and improved, will be without a doubt, and such tenant or inhabitants will be affirmed in the title to the equivalent, as a home of legacy, in charge basic... 3 March 1807: The Intrusion Act of 1807 endeavored to debilitate vagrants, or settlements being made on lands surrendered to the United States, until approved by law. The demonstration additionally approved the legislature to persuasively expel vagrants from exclusive land if the proprietors requested of the administration. Existing vagrants on abandoned land were permitted to guarantee as occupants of will up to 320 sections of land on the off chance that they enlisted with the neighborhood land office before the finish of 1807. They additionally consented to give calm belonging or desert the land when the administration discarded it to other people. That any individual or people who, before the death of this demonstration, had claimed, involved, or made a settlement on any grounds surrendered or made sure about to the United States...and who at the hour of passing this demonstration does or do really occupy and live on such terrains, may, whenever preceding the main day of January next, apply to the best possible register or recorder...such candidate or candidates to remin on such tract or tracts of land, not surpassing 300 and twenty sections of land for every candidate, as occupants voluntarily, on such standing and conditions as will forestall any waste or harms on such terrains... 5 February 1813: The Illinois Preemption Act of 5 February 1813 allowed acquisition rights to every single genuine pioneer in Illinois. This was the main law established by Congress which passed on cover appropriation rights to all vagrants in a speciï ¬ ed locale and not just to specific classifications of inquirers, making the uncommon stride of conflicting with the proposal of the House Committee on Public Lands, which unequivocally contradicted giving cover seizure rights in light of the fact that doing so would support future squatting.1 That each individual, or lawful delegate of each individual, who has really occupied and developed a tract of land lying in both of the locale built up for the offer of open terrains, in the Illinois domain, which tract isn't legitimately guaranteed by some other individual and who will not have expelled from said an area; each such individual and his lawful agents will be qualified for an inclination in turning into the buyer from the United States of such tract of land at private deal... 24 April 1820: The Land Act of 1820, likewise alluded to as the 1820 Sale Act, discounted the cost of government land (at the time this applied to land in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory) to $1.25 section of land, with a base acquisition of 80 sections of land and an initial installment of just $100. Further, the demonstration gave vagrants the option to appropriate these conditions and buy the land much more economically on the off chance that they had made enhancements to the land, for example, the structure of homes, fences, or plants. This demonstration dispensed with the act of credit deals, or the acquisition of open land in the United States using a loan. That from and after the main day of July next [1820] , all the open terrains of the United States, the offer of which is, or might be approved by law, will when offered at open deal, to the most elevated bidder, be offered down the middle quarter segments [80 acres] ; and when offered at private deal, might be bought, at the alternative of the buyer, either in whole segments [640 acres] , half segments [320 acres] , quarter segments [160 acres] , or half quarter segments [80 acres] ... 4 September 1841: Following a few early appropriation acts, a lasting acquisition law became effective with the entry of the Preemption Act of 1841. This enactment (see Sections 9â€10) allowed a person to settle and develop up to 160 sections of land of land and to then buy that land inside a predefined time after either study or settlement at $1.25 per section of land. This seizure demonstration was revoked in 1891. Also, be it further instituted, That from and after the section of this demonstration, each individual being the leader of a family, or widow, or single man, beyond twenty one a years old, and being a resident of the United States, or having documented his announcement of aim to turn into a resident as required by the naturalization laws, who since the primary day of June A.D. eighteen hundred and forty, has made or will in the future make a settlement face to face on the open lands...is thus, approved to enter with the register of the land office for the area in which such land may lie, by legitimate developments, any number of sections of land not surpassing one hundred and sixty, or a quarter segment of land, to incorporate the habitation of such inquirer, after paying to the United States the base cost of such land... 27 September 1850: The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, likewise called the Donation Land Act, if free land to all white or blended blood Native American pioneers who showed up in Oregon Territory (the present-day conditions of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and part of Wyoming) before December 1, 1855, in light of four years of home and development of the land. The law, which conceded 320 sections of land to unmarried male residents eighteen or more seasoned, and 640 sections of land to wedded couples, split similarly between them, was one of the primary that permitted wedded ladies in the United States to hold land under their own name. That there will be, and therefore is, allowed to each white pioneer or inhabitant of the open terrains, American crossbreed Indians notwithstanding, over the age of eighteen years, being a resident of the United States....the amount of one half segment, or 300 and twenty sections of land of land, if a solitary man, and if a wedded man, or on the off chance that he will get hitched inside one year from the principal day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty,

Profile of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale

Profile of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Social Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis Print Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 13, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale is used to measure symptoms of SAD. Getty / Tetra Images The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) is a 24-item, self-rated scale used to assess how social anxiety plays a role in your life across a variety of situations. The LSAS was developed by psychiatrist and researcher Dr. Michael R. Liebowitz. The scale might be used in research studies to determine the level of social anxiety experienced by participants, in clinical settings to assess a particular patients symptoms, or by the general public who are concerned that what they are experiencing might be the sign of a disorder. How the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Is Administered The LSAS assessed both your social anxiety in situations as well as your avoidance of those situations. In this way, each item on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale describes a situation about which you must answer two questions as follows. Anxiety questions (how anxious or fearful you feel) 0 none 1 mild 2 moderate 3 severe Avoidance questions (how often you avoid the situation) 0 never 1 occasionally 2 often 3 severe If a question describes a situation that you do not ordinarily experience, you are asked to imagine how you would respond if faced with the situation. All questions are answered based on how the situations have affected you in the past week. Below are some sample situations from the questionnaire: Using a telephone in publicParticipating in a small group activityEating in public This is just a short list, and the LSAS covers many other types of situations that are known to commonly trigger social anxiety performance anxiety and concerns. Information Provided by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale The LSAS is scored by summing the item ratings. Below are the suggested interpretations for various score ranges. As with any self-report instrument, scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale need to be interpreted by a qualified mental health professional and followed up with a full diagnostic interview for social anxiety disorder (SAD) when warranted. 55-65 Moderate social phobia65-80 Marked social phobia80-95 Severe social phobiaGreater than 95 - Very severe social phobia Accuracy Studies have shown the LSAS to be an effective and cost-efficient way to identify people with problems with social anxiety. However, a single instrument cant be used to make a diagnosis. A clinical diagnosis of SAD can only be made based on an interview conducted by a trained mental health professional such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker. How to Take the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Yourself Did you know that the LSAS is freely available for you to complete online if you wish? If you complete the test and find the results concerning, be sure to check with your doctor about what they might mean. While a test such as the LSAS can be informative, its only in the context of a larger assessment that the cause of your symptoms can be determined and a course of action planned. Understanding the Causes of Social Anxiety Disorder A Word From Verywell If you are concerned that you may be living with symptoms of anxiety or avoidance, its best to make an appointment with your doctor to discuss the next steps. If this feels hard to do, consider making an appointment for general mental health concerns, and then when you meet with your doctor, bring along a copy of the LSAS as well as a written statement of what you have been experiencing. Know that you are not alone in the way that you are feeling, and that your doctor can either conduct an assessment or refer you to a mental health professional who can provide a diagnosis and treatment options such as medication or talk therapy.

John Stewarat Mills On Liberty and the Subjection of...

John Stewarat Mills On Liberty and the Subjection of Women Born in 1806, John Stewart Mill was an English philosopher who highly prized the Utilitarian belief system, or the doctrine of seeking the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people. Among his various political treatises, On Liberty and The Subjection of Women are excellent applications of his convictions in individualism and negative government. Though the subjects of each work differ to an extent, both are written in a dialogue format, and the general principles postulated in On Liberty can be easily applied to the second work. Essentially, Mill seeks to assert the importance of certain personal rights and freedoms, moral beliefs, and the integrity of the†¦show more content†¦Mill counters with a social metaphor explaining the natural processes by which unqualified candidates are excluded from certain positions - no one demands that blacksmiths meet certain physical criteria, for the ones who are best suited for the job will naturally come out on top. He sta tes, â€Å"If the political system of the country is such as to exclude unfit men, it will equally exclude unfit women† (56). It is not the government’s role to tell women that they would be â€Å"best served† by keeping in the home; it should be the woman’s choice, and thereafter we must let the chips fall where they may. A second doctrine that Mill values highly in On Liberty is what he refers to as an â€Å"experiment in living†, or an extension on the importance placed on freedom of opinion. â€Å"There should be different experiments in living†¦so that free scope be given to varieties of character, short of injury to others† (54). Mill encourages a person to live in such a way as to engage in â€Å"out-of-the-box† activities, and â€Å"to use and interpret experience in his own way† (55). Essentially, mankind has much to gain by being open-minded, and much to lose by being stubborn. The comparison of the subjection of women to slavery is similar to his examination of the Church in On Liberty. Just as masters demand unquestioning obedience from slaves, so too does the Church downplay individual thought, and stress absolute, mindless submission of Christians to Church doctrine. â€Å"As soon as

The Cost Of College Tuition - 1253 Words

There are many students cannot go to college because of the cost of college tuition. Some students work hard at the fast food places, restaurant to pay off their tuition. The government of the United State gives the opportunities for the young Americans that if they participate in national service to the country, they will be able to exchange for free colleges or technical school tuition. The government also gives students many options such as working at an urban library for library major; working in a homeless shelter for social work major; working in the juvenile justice system or prisons for criminal justice majors; working in hospitals for pre-med students and nursing majors. Young Americans should participate in national services in†¦show more content†¦Students who want to attend in this program, they must complete at least 8 hours of community services by August 1, 2015 (Ung, 15). There is many students excited about this program and they want to join because of the p romise that the college tuition will be cover and also students want to gain their experiences and be prepare for their college. There are also many program such as Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and Dream Act for non-resident students that helps college’s tuition and encourage to participate in national service (Ung, 35). The second reason is that participate in national services help the young students develop the skills and improve the communication in social life. For example, there is a student that only go to school and doesn’t participate on any community services and national services then after they graduate from college and start to work at field environment, that student is lack of skills and have no experiences at all. It is going to be hard for he/she to find a job. Moreover, student will having hard time at first to get use to the flow of the pressure. This student will fall behind students that participate in community services before and they know what they’ve been doing. This lead to failure for student doesn’t participate in national services. The nation service is a really good trade for students that can’t afford college or higher education as medication school, veterinaryShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of College Tuition1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe cost of co llege tuition is increasing exponentially ever year. Students have to pay for a number of things besides the tuition for inference books, dorms, fees, tutor, etc on top of their everyday living expenses. At this rate college tuition will be far beyond the reach for the average person. The inflation raises numerous of questions. If the recession is not getting better why do schools continue to increase tuition? What can be done so that the college tuition won’t be so far out of reachRead MoreThe Cost Of College Tuition925 Words   |  4 PagesCost of College Tuition College tuition is very expensive and many people are unable to attend due to the overall cost of tuition, books, room and board. The high price of a college education is unfair to the bright students who have limited resources. These students are at a disadvantage because of lack of funds. The United States should find a way to provide free tuition to all students who want an education. In our lives today, not everyone can financially afford to attend a four year universityRead MoreRaising The Cost Of College Tuition1460 Words   |  6 PagesIncreasing College Tuition By: Amanda Beisner Specific Purpose Statement: To encourage my audience to consider multiple perspectives by providing my audience with information on the arguments for and against raising the cost of college tuition. Thesis: Thousands of colleges across the country have steadily increased tuition throughout the years and Colorado State University is no different. Today I will share with you both the perspective of those that believe tuition increases are necessary andRead MoreCollege Tuition : Costly College Costs1771 Words   |  8 PagesCostly College Costs College tuition is an expensive entity to pay for and not many people have the luxury of having college being completely paid for, however, so many people that have previous experience like teachers, counselors, and parents, want students to pursue this expensive entity so their future is brighter. Why is being a college student becoming a luxury that fewer people can afford and attend to? Factors like the actual cost for college tuition, costs for higher education, the workingRead MoreThe Rising Cost Of College Tuition976 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, the soaring cost of college tuition has angered many students and parents, leaving many wondering where they will come up with the funds to pay. While college is still a pretty sound investment for most career paths, the cost of an education has outpaced general inflation by almost double, leaving many families simply unable to shoulder the fiscal burden without incurring large amounts of debt. How did we get to where we are today? A big part of it has to do with how colleges themselves haveRead MoreIncreasing Tuition Costs For College1624 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Increasing Tuition Costs College degrees are becoming ever more a standard in my industries, just to get into the door with certain companies. Even when degrees might not be required to get a decent job, marketing can take over and make you think that you need to get a college degree or you won’t land that dream job. Brill states that on the average, we are continually reminded, the earnings of college graduates are substantially higher than those who have obtained no more than a high schoolRead MoreCollege Tuition Cost On A Rise Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Tuition Cost on a Rise The rising cost of education in Texas colleges started in 2003 when the deregulation was lifted. Then, soon after, the Texas State legislature cut the education budget because of a drop in the economy in 2008. The cut in funding and the removal of the deregulation law allowed colleges across Texas a way to recoup lost resources by raising the cost of tuition. The raising cost of tuition has limited the amount of attending students from graduating in the expected timeRead MoreThe Cost of College Tuition Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesFinal The Cost of College Tuition The cost of college is very high compared to how the economy has been and how wages and financial aid have not risen with the cost of tuition. This makes it harder for students to graduate and brings a lot of stress to their lives. Without the funding that is needed many students drop out or take a longer time finishing their degree. Going to college is stressful enough without the need to worry about how you’re going to pay for it and what other costs will continueRead MoreThe Rising Cost Of College Tuition855 Words   |  4 Pagesrising cost of education and living. The cost of college tuition makes it even harder for them to achieve financial assistance. The amount of student loans debt in America is roughly around one point eight trillion dollars. Factors like the minimum wage also make it harder for young adults to be able to sustain themselves and go to school, because if they cannot pay for school then they are not going to attend school. Employment earnings are also discouraging students from attending college. In theRead MoreRising Cost Of College Tuition2509 Words   |  11 PagesPower, Privilege Rising Cost of College Tuition in the U.S The increasing cost of higher education in the United States has been a continuing topic for debate in recent decades. American society emphasizes the importance of education after high school, yet the cost of higher education and advanced degrees continually rises at a greater rate than inflation in the 1970’s. According to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, cost factors prevent 48% of college-qualified high school graduates

Leaders Are Born Not Made Free Essays

Story by John Mulder. (Steven Lewis) accepts the facts that it is true there are born leaders and also attribute the qualities to be good communication, intelligence and winsomeness. But he also argues that there are men and women that became leaders not because they were born to be, but because they were called to lead. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders Are Born Not Made or any similar topic only for you Order Now He says also that the vitality of an organization and community rest on the largely measured form of identifying and nurturing and even training for leadership. A mythology example of leadership in America who are born not made in life’s of churches says (Stephen Lewis), National Director of Calling Education in Atlanta, Georgia. â€Å"They think it’s between you and God, and only after you receive your personal call does a congregation become involved. What we want to do is to help congregations see that its part of their own calling to raise up a new generation of Leaders. We want them to recognize themselves as communities of call†. (Rev. Lewis) this initiative is to create an infrastructural of callings and awakening the imaginations of people to recognize their own callings amongst congregations, church judicatories and church related organizations. (Rev. Lewis) reflects on his story of how he became a priest. His entry was delayed after years of obtaining a degree in business school at university of North Carolina at Charlotte and worked in the financial Institutions â€Å"Though he recognized the deep calling the whole time† he said. Furthermore, he recalls before entering the church he was allowed to put up his paintings, and what he also remembered vividly was (Mrs. Mary Pearson), telling him that â€Å"God has his hands on you†. (Rev. Lewis) emphasis that it was not only one person, but the whole community was aware of his calling. He was also encouraged by the community and to him; it had just seemed that the freedom, openness and depth had made that difference. However the need for Calling Congregation Initiative is urgent as many denominations of national offices of vocation in the 1950’s-1960 were abolished stated, (Rev. Lewis). This easily increased the need for nurturing future leaders and identifying them. Most importantly, (Rev. Lewis), the Calling Congregations Initiative found three crucial methods to develop the vocation care movement: Relationships amongst persons in a vocation This is when a community is able to care for its own and that means they must have being able to explore their own vocation†, (Rev. Lewis) Sense of vocation with communities (Rev. Lewis) states that â€Å"We have to help people get beyond the notion of a call as individual thing. It only happens when one person is bounded to another†. Vocation Stories (Rev. Lewis) also emphasis â€Å" Only by telling your own story do you discover your own vocation, and only by narrating it can you inspire others and awaken them to the fact that they too may have a call†. Thus (Rev. Lewis) tells a story of people in the Calling Congregations Initiative is increasingly moving. Citing an example of a pastor with a large congregation in United Methodist church that preaches about ‘calling†. He planned to issue an altar call on the last Sunday and congregations were alerted. That day came and the turn over was immensely profounding with an attendance of 467 worshipers and 33 women and men came forward. â€Å"If we create the space for calling, if we really ask the deepest questions about life and it’s meaning†, Rev. Lewis says, â€Å"We will be amazed at how many people we would find. They will say ‘My life matters’. ’ My congregation matters’. We would find a robust group of people who will come forward†. He says†This program is a contradiction of that narrative of decline, which comes out of a theology of scarcity. We need to realize that we’ve inherited a theology of abundance. What we’re doing is both a contradiction of and a protest against decline. † Finally (Rev. Lewis) also adds â€Å"We do want to change the world. We do believe the churches are shapers of culture. We can do that and we have done that. We need to start living out of that abundance. † And, he says, â€Å"We know that we can successfully create the connections to build and nurture an ecology in which people can hear God’s call. † Rev. Stephen Lewis can be reached at slewis@thefund. org, or at 404. 727. 411, or at the Fund for Theological Education, 825 Houston Mill Road, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30329. Reference: John Mulder â€Å"Leaders are born not made: wrong! † http://www. resourcingchristianity. org/ ,http://www. resourcingchristianity. org/sites/default/files/transcripts/interv iew/StephenLewis_Leaders_are_born_Interview. pdf ,p1-7. Story by Joanne Graf. Joanne talks abo ut various MYTHS of Leadership in management. Any company that is thinking forward recognizes that for them to achieve their objectives, they need to continue to thrive, grow and achieve their success, which is in the leaders’ hands. An example of one of the three MYTHS is to empower and develop leaders of various levels in their organizations. It is commonly observed that people either â€Å"have what it takes â€Å"to be a leader or don’t â€Å". In addition the justification of the existence about whether organizations needs to search for the â€Å"right people† also the â€Å"right character† about the need to succeed ,this view undercuts it (Joanne). Another interpretation can be that anyone could be an effective leader if people can challenge their selves and other towards pointing a future for a new leadership and not considering previous generated challenges. People do not need to be rulers for them to be leaders, such instances of limitation are no longer in existence. But rather, people now gain confidence and power to pull through various circumstances or experience by stepping forward as leaders. Leadership could simply be an ordinary individual with the drive and ambition to necessarily deliver utmost action on anything they are doing or want to accomplish. Also when people who show their commitment and are willing to relentlessly achieve what they are doing, they become unstoppable. MYTH 2. Scarce Effective Leadership. When people people believe that leadership is scarce, they constantly struggle to find a sufficient supply of capable leaders. As real as it may seem, but companies have now transformed to taking the opposite views. This has made company discover that they can empower leadership around the various departments in the company. In this context there is no model to shortage of leadership rather it is what will unleash the untapped energy, commitment and creativity. Almost all organizations do not make use of the potential that their people can provide. But by shifting the perspective from scarcity to abundance, there is greater ownership, productivity and growth. Another access to building leadership culture is having leaders take responsibility for developing leadership in others throughout the company. This can be developed if leaders share their experience and coach to others in the company, so that leaders can emerge in an environment that fosters leadership (Joanne Graf). MYTH 3. Real Leaders are effective because of what they know. People think about the world around them in two ways. One is through what they already know, based on past, which includes experience and expertise. The other is through what they don’t know, they seek to find. When seeking break through a leader must challenge what his known and inquire into what is possible beyond that. From what is possible a leader can engage with others to invent how to achieve something new (Joanne Graf). Reference: Joanne Graf â€Å"Management† ,†Leaders are born not made and other popular myths†. ttp://www. spe. org/jpt/print/archives/2004/04/JPT2004_04_management. pdf John Adair: (John Adair) encompassed leadership by helping to change perception of management which includes communication, time management and decision making. He also developed the Action Centered Leadership model. He also says though leadership is different from management, but a good leadership will posses manag ement skill. Adair states leadership in three terms of overlapping circles which are represented by team, task and individual. For a team to work together, they must have in common these three needs: 1. Need to achieve the task 2. Need to be able to manage a groups or team 3. Need for managing persons or individual Also elements found in management like administration and managing resource are not relevant to leadership. But on the other hand, leadership element are also not found in management like committing and inspiring others through owns’ enthusiasm in a task. [pic] Reference: John Adair (2009)†. â€Å"Action centered leadership â€Å". http://www. earn-to-be-a-leader. com/john-adair. html Story by Allen J. Huth He admits that leaders and managers are interchangeable. He also defines leadership in one word as â€Å"followers. † Leadership does not have a position in an organization. In addition a manager can be authoritative to subordinate because of the right and power he has to get a job done. But a leader is not because he cannot impose his vision on the followers. The follower can either choose to follow or walk away. In an organization, hers are also informal leadership. It is the earned right to lead, positively or negatively by the followers. Reference: Allen J. Hult, 2001,†Born to lead or made to manage-We both need†. American Business Advisors,Inc. ,Englewood,Colorado. Conclusion For an individual to generate effective leadership actually depends on the size of challenge and result of the commitment involved. Leadership effectiveness is emerged from bold and drastic commitments, engaging people with challenges and giving people chance to move forward and contribute. How to cite Leaders Are Born Not Made, Essay examples

Making Chalk using Eggshells free essay sample

The chalk is a white porous sedimentary rock, a form of sedimentary rock composed of mineral calcite. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates shed belonging to the division of haptophytes. They function as a special calcium carbonate. In this investigatory project, we study the effectiveness of eggshells as an alternative ingredient in chalk production. The study is very efficient in these days because many people are in need of chalk. The components of chalk are so complex that it has the capacity to make other things beside chalk itself. We also noticed that the students and teachers consume many pieces of it, which is very expensive. So, we decided to make a chalk out of eggshells which is very affordable and can give an equal quality in the chalks that we buy in stores. 1 B. Statement of the Problem The main problem of the study is focused on the effectiveness of chicken eggshell as a substitute for chalk. We will write a custom essay sample on Making Chalk using Eggshells or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The study aims to answer the following questions: 1) Will the eggshell be an effective substitute for chalk? 2) Are there any similarities between the composition of an eggshell and a chalk? 3) Does the flour and starch affect the effectiveness of eggshell as a substitute for chalk? C. Statement of the Hypotheses: 1) There is a significant difference between the eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk. 2) There is no significant difference between the eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk. 2 D. Significance of the Study The importance of this study is, it can give benefits, especially to the poor ones or those who can’t afford to manufacture chalk. The poor ones could also have their own business by simply following the instructions in making â€Å"eggshell chalk† and to save money. The purpose of this study is to try and discover other methods on how to make and provide cheaper chalk for the needs of people especially the teachers, who highly use commercial chalks to write on the boards for their lectures in school. It is also beneficial for the indigent, mountain people, public schools, and ordinary people because when they run out of chalk, they can apply their knowledge in making chalk by using the easy-to-find, cheap, and recyclable materials. 3 E. Scope and Limitations The Study is only limited and focused on the investigation of Chicken Eggshells (Gallus Domesticus) used as an alternative source for chalk production. We chose this study for further investigation if eggshells can be an effective source for chalk production. The Study will only observe the product’s effectiveness in terms of its durability, texture, whiteness and writing capabilities. The product is only focused on one function which is for use in writing in a chalkboard. 4 F. Definition of Terms: 1) Chalk- a soft, white, or gray fine-grained sedimentary rock originally formed under the sea. 2) Eggshell- the brittle protective covering of the egg of a bird, or other similar tough covering of the eggs of animals such as crocodiles and turtles. 3) Flour- a powder made by grinding the edible parts of cereal grains. 4) Calcium Carbonate- a white crystalline solid that is one of the most common natural substances found in chalk, limestones, marble, eggshells, and bones. 5) Pulverize- to crush or grind something into powder or dust. 6) Starch- a natural substance composed of chains of glucose units, made by plants and providing a major energy source for animals. The two main components of starch are amylase and amylopectin. 7) Effectiveness- the ability to do something well or achieve a desired result without wasted energy or effort. 5 8) Eggshell Chalk- a chalk made up of powdered eggshell mixed with either flour or starch. 9) Dissolve- to become absorbed in a liquid solution. 10) Indigent- extremely poor, lacking the necessities of life. 6 Chapter II- Review of Related Literature According to Ancient Egyptians, artificially incubated chicken eggs to propagate their food supply. (Ancient Egyptians, 1400 BCE) According to Aristotle, when he opened chicken eggs at various time points of incubation, he noted how the organism changed over time. Through his writing of Historia Animalium, he introduced some of the earliest studies of embryology based on his observations of the chicken in the egg. (Aristotle, 350 BCE) They used the chick to demonstrate tissue differentiation, disproving the widely held belief of the time that organisms are â€Å"preformed† in their adult version and only grow larger during development. (Ulisse Aldovandi, Volcher Cotier and William Harvey, 16th century) d) He found that rat tissues that could not grow in adult chickens survived in the developing chick. In an immunocompetent animal, like themature chicken, the host immune cells attack the foreign tissue. e) They developed a new technique that used chicken eggs to propogate a pox virus. The chick was used to isolate the mumps virus for vaccine development and it is still used to culture some viruses and parasites. (Ernest Goodpasture and Alice Woodruff, 1931)

The Economic Performance of the UAE

The aim of this paper was to analyze the economic performance of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In particular, the paper focused on the effect of the decline in economic growth rate in 2012 and the fiscal policy that can be implemented to boost economic growth. The IMF predicted a reduction in economic growth of the country from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The country’s limited capacity to increase oil production is one of the factors that were expected to cause the decline in economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of this paper indicate that the reduction of economic growth rate would reduce the country’s real output and increase unemployment in the long-run. Consequently, the government should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to stimulate economic growth. Moreover, the g overnment should focus on controlling the inflation and the crowding-out effect associated with expansionary fiscal policy. Summary of the Article According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the expansion rate of the economy of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was expected to reduce from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. The reduction was attributed to the country’s inability to increase its oil production. Nonetheless, the economy was expected to maintain its recovery. The 2009-2010 Dubai debt crisis adversely affected the country’s property industry. Consequently, Dubai World, which is a state-owned corporation, had to restructure its debts that were worth twenty five billion dollars. Nonetheless, the country was able to survive the crisis due to favorable oil prices and improved trade with Asia. According to the IMF, the uncertainty of the performance of the world economy was a threat to UAE’s forecasted growth. Concisely, continued decline in the performan ce of the world economy would limit the ability of UAE’s state-owned corporations to replace their maturing debts with new ones. Despite the efforts made to restructure the debts, most state-owned corporations still required high refinancing. The IMF also believed that the government’s decision to consolidate fiscal policy was right. Explanation of the Article based on AD-AS Model The economy of the UAE as described in the article can be explained in the framework of the aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) model. The model is made of up of three curves namely, the â€Å"aggregate demand curve (AD), the short run aggregate supply curve (SAS) and the long run supply curve (LAS)† (Rossana 81). Figure 1 shows the short run equilibrium of the economy of the UAE. Aggregate demand includes consumption by private economic entities, investments, government expenditure, and net exports (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 241). In this regard, the factors that will cau se a shift in the AD curve of UAE’s economy include foreign income, income distribution, and fiscal policy, as well as, anticipations concerning future output and prices.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Foreign income refers to the income earned in UAE’s major trading partners such as the United States of America, Europe, and Asian countries. According to the article, the recovery of the global economy is uncertain. This implies that foreign income will reduce if the global economy continues to deteriorate. Thus, the demand for UAE’s exports such as oil will reduce. As a result, the earnings of UAE’s exporting firms will decrease. This partly explains why the state-linked firms will not be able to rollover their debts if the performance of the global economy worsens. Overall, the decline in foreign income will cause the AD curve to shift to the l eft from AD0 to AD1, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Following IMF’s prediction of economic decline, producers expect demand for their products to reduce in future. Thus, they will reduce investments and production in order to avoid the losses associated with high variable costs and low demand (Rossana 126). Similarly, consumers will associate the expected economic decline with reduced future earnings. Thus, they are likely to reduce consumption in order to save for the future. Consequently, the AD curve will shift to the left from AD0 to AD1, whereas real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. As firms reduce investments and production in response to the expected economic decline, the â€Å"distribution of income from profit earners to wage earners is likely to worsen† (Minford and Peel 329). Generally, wage earners allocate a larger portion of their income to consumption than profit earners. Thus, allocation of income in favor of profit earners rather than wag e earners will move the AD curve to the left. Finally, the government’s plan to consolidate fiscal policy is likely to involve a reduction in public expenditure. This will lower aggregate demand, thereby shifting the AD curve to the left. The SAS illustrates the response of prices and real output to changes in aggregate demand in the short run (Romer 415). UAE’s short run supply curve will shift due to changes in productivity. The expected economic decline will lead to reduced productivity, thereby shifting the SAS curve in figure 2 to the left from SAS0 to SAS1.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, real output will reduce from Y0 to Y1. If the global economy continues to deteriorate, the prices of UAE’s exports will decline. This will discourage production among exporters, thereby reducing aggreg ate supply. Thus, the SAS curve will shift to the left. The expected decline in economic growth will cause the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve to shift to the left. These shifts are associated with a reduction in real output from Y0 to Y1. As a result, the short run equilibrium of the country’s economy will shift from E0 to E1. Description of the Economic Situation of the Market The expected decline in economic growth will affect both the goods and factor markets. In the goods market, the economic decline can have positive effects for consumers. This is because inflation usually declines when economic growth reduces (Rossana 112). Concisely, economic decline reduces demand for goods and services. Thus, producers and sellers are likely to reduce the prices of their products in order to stimulate demand and to clear their stock of manufactured goods, thereby reducing inflation. In this case, the consumers will have a higher purchasing power than they had b efore the reduction of the prices. On the contrary, the price reductions will affect the producers negatively. This is because it will reduce their profit margins. In addition, some producers might sell their goods at a loss. The expected economic decline will also affect prices in the factor market. As profits reduce, companies are likely to implement cost-cutting measures such as reducing their workforce. Moreover, companies are likely to reduce their investments in new equipment or borrowing in order to expand their operations (Minford and Peel 215). In this regard, factor prices will fall. For example, wage rates are likely to reduce as companies layoff their employees. Similarly, interest rates, which is the cost of financial capital is likely to reduce as demand for loans declines. The reduction in factor prices will benefit producers by lowering their costs of production. Nonetheless, it will negatively affect suppliers of factors of production. For example, low wage rates wi ll reduce workers’ disposable income and purchasing power. The Right Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of â€Å"government expenditure, taxation, and borrowing to influence the level of aggregate demand, output, and jobs in an economy† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 197). Fiscal policy enables the government to influence the pattern of expenditure and income distribution in its economy.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Keynesians believe that fiscal policy has a great impact on consumption, productivity, and job creation in an economy that has an excess capacity. Thus, the government of the UAE should implement an expansionary fiscal policy in order to prevent a recession. An expansionary fiscal policy refers to â€Å"the increase in government expenditure and or a decrease in taxes that usually results into an increase in budget deficit or a reduction in budget surplus† (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 210). Justification for Implementing Expansionary Fiscal Policy An expansionary fiscal policy should be implemented because it will enable the government to reverse the economic decline. Concisely, the policy will spur economic growth by stimulating consumption and demand. The unemployment rate in the UAE increased from 3% in 2008 to 4.2% in 2012 (Nyarko 4-15). On the contrary, the country’s inflation rate was as low as 0.7% in 2012. The increase in unemployment rate, low inflation, and the expected reduction in GDP growth suggest that the economy is operating below its potential output. The government can push the country’s real output back to its near potential level by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy that involves an increase in public spending. Government â€Å"expenditure is one of the components of aggregate demand† (Rossana 47). Thus increasing it will result into an increase in aggregate demand. Figure 3 shows the effect of an expansionary fiscal policy on real output. According to figure 3, a rise in aggregate demand due to an increase in spending by the government will move the AD curve to the right from AD0 to AD1. Consequently, the country’s real output will increase from Y0 to Yp. In this case, Yp is the potential output. As the economy moves towards its potential output, the rate of GDP growth is likely to increase. How the Expansionary Fiscal Policy will affect the Economy First, the policy will lead to increased e conomic growth, thereby improving earnings in the private and public sector. Concisely, firms are likely to increase investments and to employ more people in order to increase their production in response to the expected increase in aggregate demand (Rossana 233). In this regard, increased productivity will raise firm profits and the incomes earned by workers. The government can also create employment through the expansionary fiscal policy. For example, it can create thousands of jobs in the construction industry by constructing new roads and schools. Second, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Figure 3 shows that prices will increase from P0 to P1 as real output increases after the implementation of the expansionary fiscal policy. A sharp increase in inflation is not desirable because it will reverse the benefits of the economic growth. Concisely, a high inflation reduces consumers’ purchasing power. Thus, aggregate demand will reduce if wages are not raised in response to the increase in inflation (Minford and Peel 316). Similarly, a high inflation will raise the prices of inputs, thereby increasing production costs. If the producers are able to pass the high costs of production to consumers, the prices of various goods and services will increase, thereby reducing demand. However, producers will have to absorb the high costs of production if they cannot share them with the consumers. In this case, firm profits will reduce in response to the high production costs. Nonetheless, the inflationary effect is not likely to be severe because the country’s inflation in 2012 was less than 1% (World Bank). Countries can increase their economic growth rate and create employment as long as they maintain a single digit inflation rate (Rossana 102). Thus, the inflation associated with the expansionary fiscal policy is not likely to be detrimental if it is less than 10%. Third, the expansionary fiscal policy is likely to increase UAEâ⠂¬â„¢s public debt if it is financed through borrowing. In 2012, the country’s public debt as a percentage of its GDP was 40%. Thus, the country is likely to fall into a debt trap if it continues to increase its public debt. A debt trap is a situation in which the government has to borrow in order to pay the interests charged on its existing debts. Countries that have fallen into debt traps often have poor credit ratings due to their limited ability to repay their loans. Thus, a low credit rating will limit the country’s ability to access capital from foreign lenders such as the IMF. High public debt is also not desirable because it involves a redistribution of income from taxpayers to holders of government debt securities (Romer 516). In this regard, it is likely to redistribute income from low-income earners who pay taxes to the rich who invest in government bonds. This is because the interests on government bonds are paid through taxes. Fourth, an expansionary fisca l policy is likely to have a crowding-out effect in the economy if it is implemented through a large deficit spending. In this case, the government will have to borrow a large amount of financial capital from the public in order to implement the policy. Conceptually, the government will be competing with private firms for capital. Consequently, interest rates will increase, thereby limiting the ability of private firms to access credit through the financial and capital markets. The government will have to increase taxes in order to repay the funds borrowed from the public. High taxes in the medium run will reduce consumers’ disposable income (Minford and Peel 117). The resulting reduction in consumption and demand, as well as, limited access to capital will lead to reduced investments. Thus, economic growth will decline. The Fiscal Policy Tools The tools that should be used to implement expansionary fiscal policy are increased government spending and tax cuts. Increased gover nment expenditure can be implemented in the following was. First, the government can increase its transfer payments. This involves increasing expenditure on social security programs such as unemployment benefit, state pension, and grants to students. Transfer payments ensure that every citizen has access to some minimum regular income (Minford and Peel 391). Transfer payments will improve the purchasing power of the poor, thereby increasing aggregate demand and economic growth. Second, the government can expand its current budget on recurrent expenditure. This involves increasing expenditure on public goods such as education and health care. In this regard, the government can increase employment in the education and health sector by hiring more teachers and nurses respectively. Additionally, the government can improve the salaries of workers in the sectors that provide public goods. Provision of public goods also involves expenditure on consumables such as stationery. Thus, aggregat e demand is likely to increase as the government increases its expenditure on public goods. This will lead to improved economic growth. Finally, government expenditure can be increased through capital spending. This involves increasing investments on infrastructure such roads, schools, and hospitals. Capital spending has a great effect on aggregate demand and supply because it stimulates high consumption. For example, construction of new roads will increase demand in the industries that supply construction materials. In addition, construction projects usually create thousands of employment opportunities. This will help the country to address the problem of persistent unemployment. Taxes can be direct or indirect. Direct taxes are charged on employment income and profits. Indirect taxes are levied on spending. They include value added tax (VAT) and excise duties on goods such as petrol. Most residents of the UAE do not pay personal income tax. Nonetheless, corporate tax is charged in most of the emirates. For example, nearly all companies in Dubai pay taxes on their earnings. In Dubai, corporate tax can be as high as 55% (Nyarko 4-15). Generally, most emirates levy corporate taxes on foreign oil companies, petrochemical firms, and foreign banks. These companies pay up to 55% of their operating profits as income tax to the government. Even though most residents of the UAE are exempted from income tax, they usually pay several indirect taxes. For example, municipal taxes of between 5% and 10% are usually levied on revenue generated from entertainment services, hotel operations, and commercial premises (Nyarko 4-15). In addition, most imported goods are subject to an import duty of up to 5%. Thus, the government can still implement the expansionary fiscal policy by reducing indirect taxes that are levied on consumption. For example, a reduction of taxes on entertainment and hotel rooms can lower the cost of staying in hotels. Consequently, hotel occupancy will inc rease, thereby raising the income of hotel owners and securing jobs in the hotel and restaurant industry. In addition, the government can reduce the corporate taxes that are paid by foreign oil and bank companies in order to improve their earnings. Lower taxes will enable these companies to allocate a better part of their earnings to investments rather than paying taxes. This will increase their productivity, thereby promoting economic growth. Impact of the Fiscal Policy Tools in the Economy Increased Government Expenditure Increased government spending will benefit the economy in the following ways. First, capital spending will lead to an increase in the total assets of the state. In particular, it will lead to expansion of the infrastructure that is necessary for the growth of businesses in the country. For example, the expansion of roads and railway systems will improve efficiency in transportation. The resulting reduction in the cost of transportation will reduce the overall cos t of producing goods and services in the economy. According to figure 4, a reduction in the cost of production shifts the aggregate supply curve downwards, thereby increasing real output from Y1 to Y2. This shows that investments on infrastructure that support economic activities will lead to high economic growth. Furthermore, foreign direct investments are likely to increase if capital spending is used to expand the country’s infrastructure. For example, more airlines are likely to operate form Dubai if its airport is expanded. This will create more jobs and spur economic growth through increased consumption. Second, provision of public goods and services such as education and health care will have positive supply-side effects in the economy by improving the quality of the country’s human capital. For example, funding higher education through grants to students will enable more people to improve their technical skills. People with high academic qualifications are like ly to be highly productive because they have the knowledge and skills that are necessary for achieving innovation (Al-Khateeb, Darrat and Elkhal 297-306). Similarly, spending on youth apprenticeship programs will enable fresh graduates to gain adequate job experience, thereby improving their employability. Concisely, it will enable the government to improve the competitiveness of the youth in the job market in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Similarly, expenditure in the health care sector will improve the health status of the citizens, thereby improving their productivity. Third, expanding social safety net programs is an effective way of improving the incomes of the poorest people in the country. By 2012, nearly 10% of the population of the United Arab Emirates was living in poverty (World Bank). Improving the income of the population living in poverty through transfer payments will boost consumption. The resulting increase in demand for goods and services will encour age producers to increase their output through new investments. Transfer payments are also a means of income and wealth redistribution in the economy. This is because transfer payment programs are financed through taxes, which are often paid by the rich. The benefit of redistributing income from the rich to the poor is that it enhances equality in the economy. Additionally, reducing income disparity reduces the chances of social unrests, which can hinder productivity and economic growth. Tax Cuts Tax cuts will affect the economy in the following ways. To begin with, reducing corporate tax will enhance investment in the economy. The oil and gas sector contributes approximately 31.3% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates (Nyarko 4-15). Nonetheless, companies in this industry, especially, the foreign ones pay nearly 55% of their operating profits as taxes. This reduces the amount of funds that firms in the industry can allocate to investments and expansion. According to the article, r educed production in the oil and gas industry is one the factors that were expected to slow the country’s economic growth. However, productivity in the industry can be improved by lowering taxes in order to enable firms to allocate a large portion of their earnings to investments. For instance, firms in the industry can focus on oil exploration, thereby increasing the country’s oil and gas output. Any small increase in productivity in the oil and gas industry is likely to have a great multiplier effect in the economy. This is because the industry employs thousands of people and supplies oil, which is the main source of energy for production in the country. Lowering taxes is also likely to attract foreign direct investments in the country. Foreign investors often invest in countries that provide tax incentives so that they can improve their earnings. An increase in foreign direct investments will have a powerful demand-side effect in the economy. Concisely, the consumpt ions associated with new investments by foreign investors will increase the demand for various goods and services in the economy. The increase in demand will encourage producers to increase their output, thereby increasing the country’s GDP (Rossana 88). Finally, reducing the level of compulsory pension contribution will improve the purchasing power of the citizens. Concisely, a reduction of the compulsory contributions will enable the citizens to have a high disposable income, which will enable them to purchase more goods and services. Impact on Macroeconomic Indicators The article highlights three important macroeconomic factors, which have implications for the country. These include the expected reduction in GDP growth, planned fiscal consolidation, and uncertain performance of the world economy and financial markets. These factors will affect the country’s unemployment and output in the following ways. Output The forecasted reduction in economic growth means that t he country’s output (measured by GDP) expanded at a slower rate in 2012 than in the previous year. Expectations concerning future decline in economic activity usually influence production decisions. Producers and investors associate a reduction in the rate of economic growth with a decline in profits or corporate earnings (Romer 477). Thus, they are likely to reduce their output in response to the expected decline in demand as the economy slows down. In this regard, expectations of a decline in future earnings will lower the country’s output. The country’s output is also likely to decline if the global economic environment continues to deteriorate. Concisely, poor performance of the world economy will reduce the demand for the country’s main exports such as oil. Thus, UAE’s exporters will reduce their output in response to the low demand for their products. Similarly, uncertainty in the global financial environment will limit the ability of UAEâ₠¬â„¢s firms to access credit from foreign markets. This will limit investments and reduce the country’s output. Fiscal consolidation involves implementing strategies that enable the government to reduce its budget deficit and overall public debt (Rossana 121). Thus, fiscal consolidation involves a reduction in public spending by the government. Reducing government expenditure is essentially a contractionary fiscal policy. According to figure 5, a reduction in government spending will cause a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left, thereby reducing real output from Y0 to Y1. Thus, fiscal consolidation is likely to reduce the country’s output. Unemployment Unemployment is a lagging macroeconomic indicator because it usually takes time to respond to a change in GDP growth. Thus, the country’s unemployment rate may not change significantly in the short run as the economy slows down. Reducing the workforce in response to falling demand and hiring new employe es as economic activity improves usually involves high costs. Thus, firms are likely to retain their employees in the short run even if the rate of GDP growth is reducing. In this case, the unemployment rate may not increase by a big margin. Okun’s law suggests a negative long run relationship between unemployment and GDP growth (Chamberlin, Linda and Yueh 245). Thus, if the country’s economic decline persists for a long time, unemployment rate will increase. This is because firms will opt to reduce their workforce in order to avoid high fixed costs. According to Okun’s law, the rate at which new jobs are created depends on the rate of GDP growth. Thus, a reduction in the growth of the country’s GDP will slow the rate at which new jobs are created. Hence, the problem of high unemployment will persist. Conclusion The IMF expected the rate of GDP growth in the UAE to decline from 4.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2012. This decline was attributed to the countryâ€⠄¢s limited capacity to increase oil production and uncertain global economic environment. The country’s government can stimulate economic growth by implementing an expansionary fiscal policy. In particular, it should increase public spending and reduce taxes. An expansionary fiscal policy is appropriate because the country has a low inflation rate, whereas its unemployment rate is high. Additionally, the policy will stimulate demand, thereby increasing the rate of GDP growth. Nonetheless, an expansionary fiscal policy is likely to be inflationary. Moreover, it can crowd-out investments in the private sector and increase public debt if it is financed through large-scale borrowing. In this regard, the government should also implement policies that will prevent high inflation and the crowding-out effect. Appendix Figure 1: AD-AS Model (shift in AD curve) Figure 2: AD-AS Model (shift in SAS curve) Figure 3: Effect of expansionary fiscal policy Figure 4: Effect of reduced prod uction costs Figure 5: effect of fiscal consolidation Works Cited Al-Khateeb, Faisal, Ali Darrat and Khaled Elkhal. â€Å"The UAE Growth Surge: Have Information Technology and Human Capital Contributed?† Studies in Economics adn Finance 24.4 (2007): 297-306. Print. Chamberlin, Graeme, Linda Linda and Yi-Chuang Yueh. Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. Minford, Patrick and David Peel. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002. Print. Nyarko, Yaw. The United Arab Emirates. Business. New York: UNU-WIDER, 2013. Print. Romer, David. Advanced Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print. Rossana, Robert. Macroeconomics. London: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. World Bank. UAE Economic Indicators. World Bank Group, 31 Dec. 2012. Web. This report on The Economic Performance of the United Arab Emirates was written and submitted by user Jaqueline Foley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Write A 700 Essay

Write A 700 Essay Write A 700 Essay Court Systems in the United States Yaye Ndiaye CJS200 10/12/2014 Professor Monty Mathis Criminal sentencing involves a lot of decisions making and evidence gathering. There are four philosophical reasons for punishing criminals which are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. Retribution is one of the oldest and most know reasons for punishing someone. It is based on an eye for an eye. The punishment is to punish someone based on the crime they have committed. Therefore you punishment will solely be based on how severe your crime is and nothing else. The second one is incapacitation and this is a way to detain people that commit crimes and making it so that they are away from society. This one is mostly to make it so that the person suffers for what they have done by eliminating them from outside communication. The third one is deterrence is a way to give a threat in order to prevent crime. This usually detours people that are really afraid of punishment and it will make them think about if the crime is worth them receiving a punishment. The last o ne is rehabilitation which most people say is the best method because it allows convict to receive help in order to change their way of thinking and behavior. When a person is found guilty they may be charged based on the law of the land, which in this case is the United States of America. There are six forms of punishment; capital (death sentence), imprisonment, probation, fines and restitution, community service, and restorative justice (apologies). All these forms are effective. The first one is capital punishment which is also known as the death penalty. A punishment like this will come from crimes cases that involve murder, rape, homicide and etc. The method involved in carrying of this procedure is lethal injection, electrocution, and firing squad; even though this is a well known punishment it is not very common. The second one is imprisonment which is incarceration. This is when a person is put into jail for the crime they have committed. This is the most common punishment out there. The time that the convicted receives is based on the crime that they committed. The third one is probation which is usually used in conjunction with imprisonment. A person is usually given probation also if they committed a misdemeanor or a low degree felony. Probation is also a way to make sure the ex convict follows all the laws and make sure that they are trying to make a change; this includes urinalysis, job searches, and weapon restriction. The fourth one is fines and restitution; they both involve paying a sum of money however the difference between the two is that the fine is suppose to be paid by the convict to the government. While on the other hand restitution is paid to the affected party for compensation. This punishment is usually given to someone that has no threat to society. If it so happens that the convict

Projects and their management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Projects and their management - Essay Example In the enclosed review of what, how, and when certain needed skills or knowledge is warranted to defining how critical a project manager is to a project will show its overall importance in reaching success (Savory and Butterfield 1998). The focused areas are knowledge and application that outline the needed awareness in critical points that presents challenges from a less skilled profession to remedy a particular situation. In such an analysis, the outcome will provide the understanding to the true reasoning’s by the assumption that a project manager is the proactive measure to facilitating the project scope (Thill and Bovee, 2007). The evaluation on all the needed processes, interventions, identifying, traceability and monitoring - that has the definitions of what required skills are necessary to be deemed a capable project manager. Identified Required Knowledge and Usage of Application from a Project Manager The usage of core project management tools is essential to effectiv ely monitoring the progress of the project. The project manager awareness of controversies is the important standpoints for the ability to showing how connections and distinctions relate to differences in a functional environment (O’Conor, 2000). ... The true understanding of the defined processes for making the project successfully happen provides the matrix to forming the right strategy of execution (Thompson and Bunker, 2006). The project manager’s skill set is in the decision making ability that will determine a successful outcome will occur or an unsuccessful outline. The senior project manager is about making the discipline of initiating, planning, executing, and the actual managing resources with the focus on completing specific deliverables within budget (Mantel, Meredith, Shafer, and Sutton, 2008). The needed quality and time restraints are the driving force that detects the project manager skill of decision making to either a successful outcome or a failure (Jennings, 2010). The building of the project manager’s skills are an integral part in determining if the planning of the project proves to being a profitable one – that is outline in the defined project scope. Therefore, the knowledge base is th e streamline of implementing an entire project from start to finish for adhering to the time and budget constraint. The prowess of the project manager must realize the scope vision and elements required in facilitating the needed pace of meeting deliverables dates and expectations of quality. The successful project manager is visionary to foreseeing challenges that can prevent the finish of certain or all deliverables, especially within the critical point, that reference a keen eye of perception to keeping pace. The identification of the key metrics are the important element to considering how the approach the can or should be applied in meeting project scope goals. The project life cycle correlates to the determining factor of

Discuss the MBS market in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Discuss the MBS market in the US - Essay Example Fisher Centre for the Economics and Real Estate Journal (Van Order, 2000). The paper also shows a little history about the mortgaged based securities market in the US. It also displays the subtypes of the mortgage-backed security. For instance, it indicates mortgages that have collateral especially those that are secured using bond. It also shows stripped mortgages that are acquired using the relationships. The paper also that there is also the secondary mortgage market where a network of lenders does sell, and the investors buy the existing MBS. The issue of market size and liquidity is. The paper also shows how the Mortgage-backed security is where the weighted average coupon (WAC) and the weighted average maturity are in the valuation of a pass-through MBS (Van Order, 2000). The paper also talks about the issue of credit risk where the credit risk of the mortgage-backed securities will depend on the susceptibility of the borrowers in honouring their credit obligations at the required time. It also shows that the MBS’ credit rating is usually high (Van Order, 2000). The Mortgage backed securities (MBS) entails a debt responsibility that act as a representative of the claims to the cash flows from various loan mortgages brought together. It commonly witnessed in the real estate properties. Mortgage loans are from mortgage companies, banks, and other originators, and they are into pools by the private entity, governmental or quasi-governmental entity. The entity will then issue securities that represent claims on the principal and payments of interest made by investors on the loans in the pool. The process is as securitization (Levin and Davidson, 2008). Most Mortgaged Backed Securities originate from government-based institutions especially those that deals with mortgages. Some of such institutions are NMA and FAM. It also involves other corporation in the

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay Answer: Communication is an important part of business. Opportunities are created because of maintaining good communication with your colleagues and clients. Nearly every transaction is impacted by communication, so the importance of this skill cant be overstated. Its essential for building and maintaining relationships with customers, and good communication is necessary for developing a trustworthy reputation. Communication is a valuable skill, and in many ways is an art form. If you possess strong linguistic skills, youll go far in effectively communicating in both your personal and professional lives. The role of communication in business is important for every role: Corporate Communications/Affairs Manager, Public Relations Specialist, Human Resources Communications Manager, Advertising, and Marketing and Promotions. 2: What is meant by rumour?What is grapevine? Are they the same? Answer: rumor: gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means gossip, usually gossip that spreads and covers a lot of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. 3: Explain upward communication. How does it take place in an organization? Answer : Information exchange between departments or functional units, as means of coordinating their activities. Communication between people at the same level in an organization, community or peer group, usually as a means of coordinating efforts. Its when the managers of the same level share ideas, suggestions and solutions to help bring the organization to a better level. The main objectives of horizontal communication are developing teamwork, and promoting group coordination within an organization. It takes place between professional peer groups or people working on the same level of hierarchy. Horizontal communication is less formal and structured than both downward communication and upward communication, and may be carried our through informal discussions, management gossip, telephone calls, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, memos, routine meetings and so on. 4: What are the semantic barriers in communication?Explain. Answer : Physical Barriers One of the major barriers of communication in a workplace is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in an organization includes large working areas that are physically separated from others. Other distractions that could cause a physical barrier in an organization are the environment, background noise Language Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver. Emotions Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear. Lack of Subject Knowledge If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication. Stress One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organization is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. At the time of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our beliefs, experiences, goals and values. Thus, we fail to realize the essence of communication. 5: Is noise a barrier in the communication process? Answer: Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. 6: Explain the role of multi media in effective communication. Answer : I have long believed that a multimedia presentation is fundamentally no different from any other form of human communication; ideas and information are being transmitted between human beings, what has been called linear communication since the seminal work of Shannon and Weaver. Biocca stated this concept quite clearly: All computer-based interactivity is a form of interaction with other humans, even when none are present. The human essence of the programmers and designers remains resident in the logic of the artificial interaction, even though they are not there. Therefore, to be able to create effective multimedia, we need to consider what constitutes effective human communication, regardless of the medium. A review of the history of those forms of human communication that employ more than one medium can be beneficial for a multimedia developer People have been communicating with each other for hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of years. Whenever possible, the initiator of the communication has employed whatever additional methods were available to enhance the communication and make it as effective as possible. So, for example, modern storytellers, as perhaps ancient ones did, use their hands to illustrate the action and create sound effects to emphasize or portray more realistic scenes. As further examples, stage plays and their derivatives, such as opera and movies, normally include costumes and scenery to enhance and further the communication. 7: Communication in an organisation is multi-directional. Discuss the statement by explaining briefly channels of communication based on directions of communication. Answer : Communication is the passing on of ideas and information. In business we need good, clear communication. The contact may be between people, organisations or places and can be in a number of forms such as speech, writing, actions and gestures. Organisations need to be structured in such a way as to maximise the benefits of communication processes. This is why team structures are so useful because they open up a multi-flow channel of communications. Up until the 1980s many large firms in America and Western Europe were characterised by top-down communications systems. http://legacy.businesscasestudies.co.uk/theory_images/173/11200488981.jpg Communication flowed down the line i.e. instructions were passed down the line. Individuals at the bottom end of the system had little scope for decision making. However, modern communication systems stress the importance of empowerment, and multi-flow communications: There are a range of media for flows of communication in a modern organisation including: team briefings team discussions meetings informal talk e-mail discussion boards, etc. Large organisations like Corus and Travis Perkins recognise the importance of multi-channel communications and have therefore created team working structures. Teams are organised into multi-disciplinary groups in order to draw on a range of expertise. The teams are encouraged to make decisions rather than to wait for commands from above. Multi-channel communications Formal communications are those that involve the officially recognised communication channels within an organisation. Informal communication involves other forms of interactions between organisational members. Good communication is an important person to person skill in an organisation. Employees are most likely to be well motivated and to work hard for organisations where there are well organised multi-directional communication flows. Communication flows in a number of directions: Downward communication involves the passing of commands from higher levels in a hierarchy to lower levels. This is sometimes referred to as top-down communication. Upward communication involves the feedback of ideas from lower down in the organisation to higher levels. This sort of communication flow is important in the consultation of employees, and enables managers to draw on good ideas from those working at grassroots levels in an organisation. Sideways communication involves the exchange of ideas and information between those at the same level in an organisation e.g. between the various functions. Multi-channel communication involves a range of flows of information. Information and Communications technology and the resultant networking systems enable effective multi-channel communication. There are all sorts of ways of organising effective communications between members of an organisation: Team briefings enable team leaders and managers to communicate and consult with their staff. Team briefings may take place on a daily basis or less frequently. Formal meetings enable a more formalised approach to communication. Face-to-face communications enable a free and frank exchange of ideas. There are many other ways of communicating such as e-mail, electronic noticeboards, physical noticeboards, newsletters, phone, fax, videoconferencing etc. The type of communication channel used needs to be appropriate to the message being conveyed. For example, if an exchange of ideas is required some sort of face-to-face meeting will be most appropriate. The communication of information can be done by newsletter, or notice board. Team working encourages a range of different types of communication and can be to high levels of motivation. 8: Give a few examples where one can say that communication was done in an unethical mannner. Answer : 9: It is feedback that completes the proces of communication.. Elaborate this statement. Answer: Communication plays a very crucial role in an organization. In fact, communication is the reason for human existence. There are different forms of communication through which the intentions of people and animals and even plants alike can be passed across to another. Without communication, life will be very difficult and in fact, it will be full of chaos. Feedback makes communication meaningful. It is the end-result of an idea and makes communication continuous. In the process of communication, the originator first gets the idea to be passed across and then think of how to get it across via appropriate channel or medium. After the coding and dissemination, one expects the decoder after receiving the information or idea to give response. The response thus given is called the response which may be verbal or non-verbal, that is, in words or mere smile, glance, clap, etc. While feedback could be instantaneous as in the case of verbal conversation between two people standing or on telephone conversation or internet instant message, it could be delayed for sometime before the response is given to allow the receiver to think and take his time to consider what he is given. While the former is common to an informal communication, the latter goes with formal communication via letters, memo, etc. Feedback could also be in written form or in oral form or even both. It could be also in form of demonstration e.g. body movement, paralanguage, gesture, posture, etc. At one time or another, people are seen been frustrated as a result of the refusal of another person to give response to their message or letter. Some got so mad that delay in such could result to disciplinary measures or insubordination especially in a formal setting. To lovers, it means life itself. Refusal to communicate ones intentions may mal the whole relationship of a thing. All these explain the importance of feedback in communication. The following are some of the importance of feedback in communication either in a formal or informal setting: 1. It completes the whole process of communication and makes it continuous. 2. It sustains communication process 3. It makes one know if one is really communication or making sense 4. It is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication 5. It is a good basis for planning on what next to be done especially statistical report 6. Communication will be useless without feedback 7. Feedback paves way for new idea generation These points are few in number. The basis being established here is that feedback is the livewire of communication as communication is the livewire of human existence and interaction. 10: One has to be well educated to learn the nuances of communication. Do u agree or disagree? Suppourt your answers with logical and concrete examples. Answer : Think of how often you communicate with people during your day. You write emails, facilitate meetings, participate in conference calls, create reports, devise presentations, debate with your colleaguesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ the list goes on. We can spend almost our entire day communicating. So, how can we provide a huge boost to our productivity? We can make sure that we communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible. communication needs to be: Clear. Concise. Concrete. Correct. Coherent. Complete. Courteous. and well illustrate each element with both good examples. 1. Clear When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or message. What is your purpose in communicating with this person? If youre not sure, then your audience wont be sure either. To be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence. Make sure that its easy for your reader to understand your meaning. People shouldnt have to read between the lines and make assumptions on their own to understand what youre trying to say 2. Concise When youre concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief. Your audience doesnt want to read six sentences when you could communicate your message in three. Are there any adjectives or filler words that you can delete? You can often eliminate words like for instance, you see, definitely, kind of, literally, basically, or I mean. Are there any unnecessary sentences? Have you repeated the point several times, in different ways? 3. Concrete When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what youre telling them. There are details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, and theres laserlike focus. Your message is solid. 4. Correct When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct communication is also error-free communication. Do the technical terms you use fit your audiences level of education or knowledge? Have you checked your writing for grammatical errors? Remember, spell checkers wont catch everything. Are all names and titles spelled correctly? 5. Coherent When your communication is coherent, its logical. All points are connected and relevant to the main topic, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent. 6. Complete In a complete message, the audience has everything they need to be informed and, if applicable, take action. Does your message include a call to action, so that your audience clearly knows what you want them to do? Have you included all relevant information à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ contact names, dates, times, locations, and so on? 7. Courteous Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. There are no hidden insults or passive-aggressive tones. You keep your readers viewpoint in mind, and youre empathetic to their needs. 11: Expain the organisational and personal barriers to communication. Answer : Ethics because it is not ethical to answer questions that a person is not supposed to hear, i.e., conflict of interest. Law is similar but this is through written communications. One should never put in an email or something written that could be used in court. All of that info should go via personal exchages Gender bias is obvious. Sometimes say a man wont reveal certain things to a woman and vice versa. And lastly, confidentialty. What is the saying; Valor is the better part of discretion? Dont say what you dont want someone else to hear.

Vietnam War Impact on New Zealand

The Vietnam War had several social effects in New Zealand. The New Zealand publics’ opinion was polarized due to New Zealand’s involvement in the war, and public debate was generated over New Zealand’s foreign policy in particular how it relied on an alliance-based security. An anti-war movement developed in New Zealand, who disagreed with the strategy of forward defense. They also questioned the validity of the domino theory, and thought communism in south-East Asia did not in any way threaten New Zealand.The members of the anti-war movement also condemned the western intervention in Vietnam; they argued that they should not support a corrupt regime such as Ngo Dinh Diem, that it was immoral. The anti-war activists urged the New Zealand government to get a more independent foreign policy, instead of being submissive to the American government. The anti-war movement grew steadily, by the 1970s mobilizations that involved thousands of New Zealanders marching to pr otest the war where occurring in cities all over New Zealand.Young and highly educated New Zealanders made up a most of the anti-war war movement, which was also supported by church groups, students, and growing numbers of the public. This was a large social effect the Vietnam war had on New Zealand as it meant people where coming together to protest the war, and it caused New Zealanders to be more aware of politics and become more politically involved. The Vietnam War also had large political impacts in New Zealand.While New Zealand troops where in Vietnam the political ideas of National and labor towards the war became markedly different. Initially both parties supported sending troops, national publically stating New Zealand had a duty to support its ally, but as the war continued Labor began to adopt the ideas of the anti-war movement. From 1969 labor promised if they were elected New Zealand troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam. Labor supported a more independent foreign poli cy, which would reflect New Zealand as a small multicultural country situated in the south pacific.Labor hoped it would be able to achieve this and keep New Zealand in its alliances. National however remained committed to an alliance based foreign policy, arguing a small country such as New Zealand had to rely and co-operate on powerful allies. New Zealand’s involvement in the Vietnam War lead to the end of the earlier Bipartisan cold war consensus between National and Labor on foreign policy, marking it a significant turning point in the development of a new direction for New Zealand’s foreign policy.The Vietnam War had both long term impacts on the New Zealand soldiers involved and more immediate impacts. A more immediate impact was while in Vietnam New Zealand soldiers were put under a lot of stress. The Viet Cong were an â€Å"invisible enemy† who fought using guerilla tactics. New Zealand soldiers also patrolled in silence, using hand gestures to communicat e, so as to not reveal their position to the enemy. This meant the soldiers did not know where the Viet Cong were, and knew they could appear at any moment.This would have frightened the soldiers and put more stress on them, as they were never sure when they would run into the Viet Cong, knowing that each time they went round a corner they could run into the Viet Cong. Veterans recall â€Å"endless fear, tension and adrenalin. † during their time in Vietnam. Some of the missions New Zealand soldiers were required to go on resulted in the deaths of Vietnamese women and children, many soldiers suffered psychological damage as a result of seeing the bodies and realizing who they had killed.Upon returning home soldiers faced hostility from the public, who described them as â€Å"war-mongers† and â€Å"baby-killers. † This had an emotional effect on soldiers, who had been an expecting a hero’s welcome, many where surprised and hurt by the public’s react ion. This was one of the factors that caused veterans to think of themselves as â€Å" cynical† and â€Å"distrusting. † New Zealand soldiers also suffered from long term affects from the Vietnam war, in particular many suffered from exposure to the defoliant agent orange.Agent Orange was a dangerous toxin used by the US to kill the foliage the Viet Cong hid in. it was sprayed by air and by hand. Zone three, where New Zealand soldiers were serving had over 20 million liters of Agent Orange sprayed on it, more than the other zones got combined. Exposure to Agent Orange caused high rates of cancers such as liver, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma and lung cancer among veterans, around 30 to 40 years after they left. Agent Orange also had an intergenerational impact, affecting the veteran’s children.After the war many of their wives had still or premature births. One soldier’s wife had seven miscarriages. Agent Orange caused genetic mutations to occur; the women who did manage to have kids gave birth to children with deformities and disabilities. Initially the New Zealand government refused to acknowledge the effects of Agent Orange, and would not give recognition of the harm that had been done to New Zealand soldiers. However after incontrovertible proof was provided to a governments select comity it was officially agreed that New Zealand soldiers had been put at risk.